Verbs. Verbs. Verbs. These are the workhorses of every language and as the workers their job is to do a lot. And a lot they do -- communicating what the action is, who the actor is, and when the action is taking place. That's a lot of action for just one itty-bitty word, Latin does it making a very efficient language for the number of words used. You'll see more of what I mean later.
Let's start with getting our heads around what tenses are in general then specifically.
Here is a great video to begin the process:
Let's start with getting our heads around what tenses are in general then specifically.
Here is a great video to begin the process:
Our mission, in this Chapter, is to learn the imperfect tense -- communicating action in the past that is on-going or will be returned to. For example, 'I was eating my lunch when the telephone rang.' -- means that when done with that pesky telephone solicitation, I intend, to return to eating my lunch. Compare that with 'I ate my lunch when the telephone rang.' -- means lunch is over and I am interrupted by that call justifying my being listed on the National Do Not Call Registry. You get the idea. Here is a video specific to the Imperfect Tense in Latin. Notice on page 98, just below the middle is a discussion of irregular imperfect tense verbs. Look at them thoroughly since they are often used.
Now is a good time to try an exercise on the Imperfect. This exercise focuses on the third person singular and plural forms only. Those are the -t and -nt endings.
Imperfect
Now we move to words that modify verbs: how does he run? --quickly, well, slowly, gracefully, etc. Mostly these are the -ly ending words in English. To learn the English adverbs better watch this.
Imperfect
Now we move to words that modify verbs: how does he run? --quickly, well, slowly, gracefully, etc. Mostly these are the -ly ending words in English. To learn the English adverbs better watch this.
Forming the Latin of this is very easy. Look at page 100. Briefly it is:
strenuus changes into strenue (1st/2nd Declension Adj)
celer changes into celeriter (3rd Declension Adj)
That's it! The ending is either an -e or an -iter depending on the declension of the adjective. There are a few irregular adverbs and they are listed on page 100 and you have been translating them already. Do this adverb exercise.
Adverbs
One more point about nouns now. There are some third declension nouns that have genitive plural cases that end in -ium instead of -um. That extra 'i' makes them called i-stem nouns. No big. It's just there and we want to point that out. Here is a video to help you understand.
strenuus changes into strenue (1st/2nd Declension Adj)
celer changes into celeriter (3rd Declension Adj)
That's it! The ending is either an -e or an -iter depending on the declension of the adjective. There are a few irregular adverbs and they are listed on page 100 and you have been translating them already. Do this adverb exercise.
Adverbs
One more point about nouns now. There are some third declension nouns that have genitive plural cases that end in -ium instead of -um. That extra 'i' makes them called i-stem nouns. No big. It's just there and we want to point that out. Here is a video to help you understand.
Look on top of page 98 and read the three lines about I-stem nouns. It's quite easy and just a very slight variation on the genitive plural case of the third declension.
With this done, go to page 97 and study the vocabulary. After you are comfortable with this take on these exercises:
vocabulary 1
vocabulary 2
vocabulary 3
vocabulary 4
Our culture lesson is on Latin mottoes. Your school probably has a motto and it is in Latin. Find out what it is and translate it for yourself. It will appear ultimately on your diploma. Meanwhile, look on page 103 for a list of famous mottoes and try this exercise.
Mottoes
Look on page 101, the map is of the Appian Way, roads in all countries are for security and commerce. This one in Italy survives in part and became extensive crossing Italy. See this:
With this done, go to page 97 and study the vocabulary. After you are comfortable with this take on these exercises:
vocabulary 1
vocabulary 2
vocabulary 3
vocabulary 4
Our culture lesson is on Latin mottoes. Your school probably has a motto and it is in Latin. Find out what it is and translate it for yourself. It will appear ultimately on your diploma. Meanwhile, look on page 103 for a list of famous mottoes and try this exercise.
Mottoes
Look on page 101, the map is of the Appian Way, roads in all countries are for security and commerce. This one in Italy survives in part and became extensive crossing Italy. See this:
These are along the Appian Way: catacombs. Here is a short video on one, among many, along the Appian Way. You probably heard about catacombs and here is a chance to see inside one and learn more about them.
Onto how the Appian Way was used, it was not just carriages or lone horse riders on that road. Read the story on page 97 for comprehension not translation, then move into translation mode. Comprehension is important for some of our later tests where we want you to understand over the translation.
Put the translation into your notebook for the teacher to review with you. Number each sentence. We hope you are getting a sense of how sophisticated this Ancient society of Rome really was.
Put the translation into your notebook for the teacher to review with you. Number each sentence. We hope you are getting a sense of how sophisticated this Ancient society of Rome really was.
chapter 13 vocabulary quiz
Go to this link when told by you teacher:
chapter 13 vocabulary quiz
English to Latin Vocabulary Quiz
chapter 13 vocabulary quiz
English to Latin Vocabulary Quiz