Romans did not have public schools, education was done through private tutors in the 'high school years' and college-type learning was completed in Greece. The early Romans loved everything Greek and admired the society for its sophistication achieved long before the Romans had the same. Every well educated Roman was fluent in Ancient Greek with an education finished through one of its academies.
Our story on page 117 starts with the teacher sternly scolding poor Sextus who was sleeping in class. Notice how our story on page 117 is actually also a lesson regarding Vergil's Aeneid when he discusses how poets preferred to write the perfect tense, third person plural, that ends with '-erunt' with what looks like an infinitive as in '-ere.' This ending was attached to the third principal part of the verb so it could not be an infinitive but a form in the perfect system of verb endings. Poets did this for something that we will not learn at the Latin 2 level. They did it for what is called meter (click on the word for further discussion), an internal beat or note system that inflected languages, such as Latin, lend themselves well to.
Our lesson today starts with Place Clues, page 118, look at the examples on that page noticing how the accusative case reflects motion towards and the ablative case is motion from. So vague verbs such as 'I go' can be implied 'to' Rome by using the accusative while 'from' Rome is implied through the ablative.
Do this exercise to check your understanding of the Place Clues discussed on pages 118 to 120:
Direction Indicators
With this under our mental belt, let's move to another declension. As we have learned, there are five declensions of noun forms in Latin. The vast majority of Latin nouns are found in the first three declensions that you know well. To see them all in print, just go to page 323 of the Third Edition text. It's a little overwhelming but the logic of it all makes it rather simple really. Let's focus on our task that is learning the fourth declension as delineated on page 120. Notice how the '-us' ending is used with very high frequency. Notice too how the word 'domus' was so misused by the Romans themselves that it morphed into having some second declension endings too. This is not normal. A fourth declension noun can be recognized by its genitive singular ending that is '-us' and that form is listed with the noun in the dictionary telling us that it is a fourth declension noun. Learn these noun endings thoroughly.
Look at the map on the bottom of page 120, study the listed places as they are frequently referenced in literature. Now try your hand at this exercise to see how much you remember:
Ancient Map Places
More clues. Translation is much easier when you learn some tricks to translation. Read about Time Clues on page 121 and try this exercise. It's easy and you will soon get the feel for the expression method to show time.
Time Tricks
Now move to the vocabulary. Memorize the words on page 117 and take on this set of exercises to reinforce what you know -- and you know a lot!
Vocabulary 1
Vocabulary 2
Vocabulary 3
As a memory test, having memorized the fourth declension forms discussed above, now here is a video explaining them. Your understanding will be very good with a thorough watching of this video. Watch it twice, if that helps.
Our story on page 117 starts with the teacher sternly scolding poor Sextus who was sleeping in class. Notice how our story on page 117 is actually also a lesson regarding Vergil's Aeneid when he discusses how poets preferred to write the perfect tense, third person plural, that ends with '-erunt' with what looks like an infinitive as in '-ere.' This ending was attached to the third principal part of the verb so it could not be an infinitive but a form in the perfect system of verb endings. Poets did this for something that we will not learn at the Latin 2 level. They did it for what is called meter (click on the word for further discussion), an internal beat or note system that inflected languages, such as Latin, lend themselves well to.
Our lesson today starts with Place Clues, page 118, look at the examples on that page noticing how the accusative case reflects motion towards and the ablative case is motion from. So vague verbs such as 'I go' can be implied 'to' Rome by using the accusative while 'from' Rome is implied through the ablative.
Do this exercise to check your understanding of the Place Clues discussed on pages 118 to 120:
Direction Indicators
With this under our mental belt, let's move to another declension. As we have learned, there are five declensions of noun forms in Latin. The vast majority of Latin nouns are found in the first three declensions that you know well. To see them all in print, just go to page 323 of the Third Edition text. It's a little overwhelming but the logic of it all makes it rather simple really. Let's focus on our task that is learning the fourth declension as delineated on page 120. Notice how the '-us' ending is used with very high frequency. Notice too how the word 'domus' was so misused by the Romans themselves that it morphed into having some second declension endings too. This is not normal. A fourth declension noun can be recognized by its genitive singular ending that is '-us' and that form is listed with the noun in the dictionary telling us that it is a fourth declension noun. Learn these noun endings thoroughly.
Look at the map on the bottom of page 120, study the listed places as they are frequently referenced in literature. Now try your hand at this exercise to see how much you remember:
Ancient Map Places
More clues. Translation is much easier when you learn some tricks to translation. Read about Time Clues on page 121 and try this exercise. It's easy and you will soon get the feel for the expression method to show time.
Time Tricks
Now move to the vocabulary. Memorize the words on page 117 and take on this set of exercises to reinforce what you know -- and you know a lot!
Vocabulary 1
Vocabulary 2
Vocabulary 3
As a memory test, having memorized the fourth declension forms discussed above, now here is a video explaining them. Your understanding will be very good with a thorough watching of this video. Watch it twice, if that helps.
We're sort of doing this in reverse order here but this is a test. Here is a video on Latin place clues.
With all this done, you much be itching to translate using what you have learned. Take on the story of page 117 and learn the 'lesson' in the lesson. It will serve you later, I am very serious, when translating Virgil. That is, Marcus responds to the Grammaticus about a way that Virgil wrote discussed in line three of our story. This lesson is accurate in that -- Virgil did write this way and you will encounter it when translating his writings later.
Read the discussion of Augustus on page 124 then answer this study guide since Augustus will be very prominent in our study of Latin.
Augustus Study Guide
Vocabulary quiz:
Chapter 39 Vocabulary
English to Latin vocabulary quiz
Fourth Declension Quiz
Read the discussion of Augustus on page 124 then answer this study guide since Augustus will be very prominent in our study of Latin.
Augustus Study Guide
Vocabulary quiz:
Chapter 39 Vocabulary
English to Latin vocabulary quiz
Fourth Declension Quiz