In this Chapter, we will learn a simple grammar point that will be valuable as we use it to do more. In other words, we build with it creating new grammar so it seems a simple lesson, and it is, but we will do much with it.
Look on page 144, where, we discuss Perfect Active Infinitives. You remember present tense, active infinitives, those are the second principal parts of every verb we use. No big on that one. Here is how we say 'to have loved' over 'to love', one is present tense and the other is perfect tense. By the way, there are only three tenses of infinitives in both English and Latin: present, perfect and future. There are not six tenses as with verbs when fully conjugated.
Remember: when forming the perfect tense, we use the perfect system that is the third and fourth principal parts of the verb. Since we are using active forms, we then must use the active perfect that is the third principal part of the verb. Watch this great video to see the point and get a nice review of the present tense active/passive infinitive:
Look on page 144, where, we discuss Perfect Active Infinitives. You remember present tense, active infinitives, those are the second principal parts of every verb we use. No big on that one. Here is how we say 'to have loved' over 'to love', one is present tense and the other is perfect tense. By the way, there are only three tenses of infinitives in both English and Latin: present, perfect and future. There are not six tenses as with verbs when fully conjugated.
Remember: when forming the perfect tense, we use the perfect system that is the third and fourth principal parts of the verb. Since we are using active forms, we then must use the active perfect that is the third principal part of the verb. Watch this great video to see the point and get a nice review of the present tense active/passive infinitive:
With this, glance back on page 144, and see the logic of what was discussed. It is very simple really. Let's move onto an exercise to master our point:
Perfect Active Infinitives
Now to make sure we understand principal parts of verbs, let's do an exercise using verbs from the vocabulary of this lesson:
Principal Parts
The vocabulary is short for this chapter and you will learn it all in three minutes. Look at page 143, and when ready do these exercises:
Vocabulary 1
Vocabulary 2
Vocabulary 3
Our culture lesson is about fabric, or the creation of fabric, that was very valuable in all ages except for ours perhaps. Clothing is very labor intensive to make without machines and so was very expensive until today. Think about the work to make each measure of yarn, then to weave it into cloth, then sew it into an article of clothing. It was and still is an art giving expression to our lives.
This video gives an idea of how weaving is done to create a small cloth then then next video shows how a large loom would have done the job.
Perfect Active Infinitives
Now to make sure we understand principal parts of verbs, let's do an exercise using verbs from the vocabulary of this lesson:
Principal Parts
The vocabulary is short for this chapter and you will learn it all in three minutes. Look at page 143, and when ready do these exercises:
Vocabulary 1
Vocabulary 2
Vocabulary 3
Our culture lesson is about fabric, or the creation of fabric, that was very valuable in all ages except for ours perhaps. Clothing is very labor intensive to make without machines and so was very expensive until today. Think about the work to make each measure of yarn, then to weave it into cloth, then sew it into an article of clothing. It was and still is an art giving expression to our lives.
This video gives an idea of how weaving is done to create a small cloth then then next video shows how a large loom would have done the job.
Here is a 'real' loom doing the same action as above but for a large fabric.
The material woven is usually wool. You saw earlier demonstrations on whorls used to create yarn, here is a short video on the spinning wheel used to create yarn more quickly. These are all arts practiced today. My wife once had her pet dog's hair spun into yarn by the technique used in this video.
Read about weaving the tunic on page 145 and you will see how little has changed over time until our day where fabric is now rather inexpensive.
Look now at the picture on page 142, compare the loom with the one in the videos above. Look at the finished cloth in the background of the picture and compare with what you saw made by the looms in the video.
Now proceed to translate the story of page 143, remember to number each line one the Latin corresponding with your English translation.
Vocabulary Quiz -- click here -- Latin to English vocabulary quiz
Chapter 41 English to Latin vocabulary
Infinitives -- Present and Perfect
Look now at the picture on page 142, compare the loom with the one in the videos above. Look at the finished cloth in the background of the picture and compare with what you saw made by the looms in the video.
Now proceed to translate the story of page 143, remember to number each line one the Latin corresponding with your English translation.
Vocabulary Quiz -- click here -- Latin to English vocabulary quiz
Chapter 41 English to Latin vocabulary
Infinitives -- Present and Perfect