This Chapter starts with a lesson concerning subjunctive verb forms. Let's put it this way: subjunctive verbs are going out of existence in English. But, if you really want to understand English, you want to learn about subjunctive verbs. They are not well taught anymore,
All languages change through time, from invention of new words and through repeated errors that become acceptable. Many times if a error of grammar is repeated sufficiently, it becomes acceptable. For example, it is acceptable today to write 'if I am sailing tomorrow ...' when the correct subjunctive (it is subjunctive because the 'if' indicates the action may not happen) is 'if I be sailing tomorrow...' The latter is rarely used but it does exist as in the song by the Beatles: "Let it be." The point is that linguistically subjunctives are not gone, they are, well, somewhat forgotten.
If you are going to understand English and what subjunctives really are, learn the Latin and you will learn this powerful tool of English that is not much taught. You will gain a much better understanding of the language you are already speaking.
We call the subjunctive a 'mood' linguistically. Let's watch this great Ted Talk video giving a great sense of the subjunctive with life lessons of language in life. The speaker grew up caught between two languages with opposing cultural perspectives: the indicative reality of Vietnamese and the power to image endless possibilities with English. Point is -- language creates reality and can recreate it with imagination.
All languages change through time, from invention of new words and through repeated errors that become acceptable. Many times if a error of grammar is repeated sufficiently, it becomes acceptable. For example, it is acceptable today to write 'if I am sailing tomorrow ...' when the correct subjunctive (it is subjunctive because the 'if' indicates the action may not happen) is 'if I be sailing tomorrow...' The latter is rarely used but it does exist as in the song by the Beatles: "Let it be." The point is that linguistically subjunctives are not gone, they are, well, somewhat forgotten.
If you are going to understand English and what subjunctives really are, learn the Latin and you will learn this powerful tool of English that is not much taught. You will gain a much better understanding of the language you are already speaking.
We call the subjunctive a 'mood' linguistically. Let's watch this great Ted Talk video giving a great sense of the subjunctive with life lessons of language in life. The speaker grew up caught between two languages with opposing cultural perspectives: the indicative reality of Vietnamese and the power to image endless possibilities with English. Point is -- language creates reality and can recreate it with imagination.
Now, a video regarding the subjunctive in Latin:
Forming this in Latin is very easy. We will use the present and perfect tense infinitives to form the Imperfect and Pluperfect Tenses of the Subjunctive verb. It really is surprisingly easy in Latin. It is the English that is harder.
Watch this video for an explanation of the Imperfect and then Pluperfect subjunctive.
Watch this video for an explanation of the Imperfect and then Pluperfect subjunctive.
Do this exercise of the Latin Imperfect Subjunctive:
Imperfect Subjunctive
The next tense is just as easy as the Imperfect. This video covers the Pluperfect Subjunctive:
Imperfect Subjunctive
The next tense is just as easy as the Imperfect. This video covers the Pluperfect Subjunctive:
Now let's do several exercises to reinforce our understandings. Start with an exercise specific to the Pluperfect then move to the bended exercise.
Pluperfect Subjunctive
Imperfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive
Now that you have a grasp of the Latin, let's move to the English. Some actually find this is harder than the Latin, and it is since it is not well understood anymore and changing in English.
Translating
Latin uses the subjunctive much more than English does, so you will see it more frequently in its sentence clauses. To understand these watch this video and follow along using page 153 from your textbook:
Pluperfect Subjunctive
Imperfect and Pluperfect Subjunctive
Now that you have a grasp of the Latin, let's move to the English. Some actually find this is harder than the Latin, and it is since it is not well understood anymore and changing in English.
Translating
Latin uses the subjunctive much more than English does, so you will see it more frequently in its sentence clauses. To understand these watch this video and follow along using page 153 from your textbook:
Look over page 153 and 154, one more time and do these two exercises that will put us in great shape for any subjunctive translating you will do.
Clauses 1
Clauses 2
Great! The vocabulary is short for this Chapter, so study it on page 149 and take on this exercise to reinforce it.
Vocabulary
Vocabulary Drill
Now we are in wonderful shape to translate the story from pages 149 and 150. Read about piracy in this era. It still goes on, on the high seas today, and is not limited to ancient times.
This last video is long but watch just the first 12 minutes for enough history of what piracy was about and how is developed through the ages. Julius Caesar himself was a victim of pirates and that's what the culture lesson on page 155 concerns. Read that page and watch part of this video to see how long and common this crime existed.
Clauses 1
Clauses 2
Great! The vocabulary is short for this Chapter, so study it on page 149 and take on this exercise to reinforce it.
Vocabulary
Vocabulary Drill
Now we are in wonderful shape to translate the story from pages 149 and 150. Read about piracy in this era. It still goes on, on the high seas today, and is not limited to ancient times.
This last video is long but watch just the first 12 minutes for enough history of what piracy was about and how is developed through the ages. Julius Caesar himself was a victim of pirates and that's what the culture lesson on page 155 concerns. Read that page and watch part of this video to see how long and common this crime existed.
Vocabulary Quiz -- click here -- Latin to English
Chapter 42 vocabulary quiz English to Latin
Subjunctive Quiz Actives