We learned about comparative degree of the adjective and it gets its name because, well, it compares usually two objects. This desk is taller than that desk. How one says 'than' is the subject of this chapter and it's very easy. Look on the bottom of page 72 in the Building the Meaning section: comparisons.
This is when word order matter in Latin, the first word is the object compared to another object:
Sextus molestior quam Marcus est.
Sextus is more irritating than Marcus.
Notice the two compared nouns are both in the nominative case and their order is separated by their positions in the sentence. Go to the video at the end of this lesson for more information on QUAM. With that try this exercise now:
comparisons with quam
Our next lesson is on adverbs: quickly, slowly, and the irregulars such as 'well.' The adjectives ending in -ly are the adverbs we are used to with English.
They are easy to form in Latin, look on page 74 for the examples:
longus longe
malus male
bonus bene (slightly irregular)
For first and second declension adjectives, you just put an '-e' on the end of the adjective and an adverb is formed. For third declension adjectives, it's just as easy:
brevis breviter
prudens prudentier
But ..... facilis facile (slightly irregular)
Look at page 75 and you will see the wonderful consistency between forming the adverbs for the comparative and superlative degrees of the adverb.
For comparative degrees, it's mostly just adding an '-ius' to the adjective and for superlative it is mostly just adding '-issime'. Notice this last one is just like the positive degree with an '-e' at the end but using the superlative ending of '-issimus'. It's very logical and adverbs have only one form, there are no singular or plural forms and no genders. The adverb explains the verb's action: quickly, richly, well. So, well, now...
Do this exercise using page 75.
adverbs comparative and superlative
Practice now with the irregular adverbs, these are on the bottom of page 75.
irregular adverbs
BIG HINT TIME: this next point shows up on one of your PALS tests -- another way to compare nouns without using 'quam' in the Latin sentence. Above, we discussed how 'Sextus is taller than Marcus' = 'Sextus longior quam Marcus' but this can be said without the 'quam' in Latin. And ... and we ask you about this on a big counting test.
The way above puts both nouns being compared in the Nominative case separated by the 'quam'; alternatively, (test question upcoming) Latin will eliminate the 'quam' and put the target noun in the Ablative case! Look on page 76 for examples.
Latin could write the above Latin as: 'Sextus longior Marco' = 'Sextus is taller than Marcus.'
The point is there are two ways to write the comparative degree: with or without 'quam' and you need to be aware of both.
On the bottom of page 77 is one motto you should know, the motto of the Olympics: "ALTIUS, CITIUS, FORTIUS." Comparative degree, neuter, adverb. 'Higher, faster, stronger.' -- and it's the idea for us all to, at least, try, try ... 'altius, citius, fortius.'
Let's do an exercise on comparative degrees:
comparatives
Let's do an exercise on adverbs in the forms we need to know:
adverbs
Go to the vocabulary words on pages 71 and 72. When ready take on these exercises to check your memory:
vocabulary 1
vocabulary 2
vocabulary 3
vocabulary 4
Our culture and history lesson are on page 78: "Cicero, Caesar and the Collapse of the Republic." The Republic came before the Empire, that is, the Emperors who controlled Rome to its end. Read the short discussion of this and watch the BBC video below.
This is when word order matter in Latin, the first word is the object compared to another object:
Sextus molestior quam Marcus est.
Sextus is more irritating than Marcus.
Notice the two compared nouns are both in the nominative case and their order is separated by their positions in the sentence. Go to the video at the end of this lesson for more information on QUAM. With that try this exercise now:
comparisons with quam
Our next lesson is on adverbs: quickly, slowly, and the irregulars such as 'well.' The adjectives ending in -ly are the adverbs we are used to with English.
They are easy to form in Latin, look on page 74 for the examples:
longus longe
malus male
bonus bene (slightly irregular)
For first and second declension adjectives, you just put an '-e' on the end of the adjective and an adverb is formed. For third declension adjectives, it's just as easy:
brevis breviter
prudens prudentier
But ..... facilis facile (slightly irregular)
Look at page 75 and you will see the wonderful consistency between forming the adverbs for the comparative and superlative degrees of the adverb.
For comparative degrees, it's mostly just adding an '-ius' to the adjective and for superlative it is mostly just adding '-issime'. Notice this last one is just like the positive degree with an '-e' at the end but using the superlative ending of '-issimus'. It's very logical and adverbs have only one form, there are no singular or plural forms and no genders. The adverb explains the verb's action: quickly, richly, well. So, well, now...
Do this exercise using page 75.
adverbs comparative and superlative
Practice now with the irregular adverbs, these are on the bottom of page 75.
irregular adverbs
BIG HINT TIME: this next point shows up on one of your PALS tests -- another way to compare nouns without using 'quam' in the Latin sentence. Above, we discussed how 'Sextus is taller than Marcus' = 'Sextus longior quam Marcus' but this can be said without the 'quam' in Latin. And ... and we ask you about this on a big counting test.
The way above puts both nouns being compared in the Nominative case separated by the 'quam'; alternatively, (test question upcoming) Latin will eliminate the 'quam' and put the target noun in the Ablative case! Look on page 76 for examples.
Latin could write the above Latin as: 'Sextus longior Marco' = 'Sextus is taller than Marcus.'
The point is there are two ways to write the comparative degree: with or without 'quam' and you need to be aware of both.
On the bottom of page 77 is one motto you should know, the motto of the Olympics: "ALTIUS, CITIUS, FORTIUS." Comparative degree, neuter, adverb. 'Higher, faster, stronger.' -- and it's the idea for us all to, at least, try, try ... 'altius, citius, fortius.'
Let's do an exercise on comparative degrees:
comparatives
Let's do an exercise on adverbs in the forms we need to know:
adverbs
Go to the vocabulary words on pages 71 and 72. When ready take on these exercises to check your memory:
vocabulary 1
vocabulary 2
vocabulary 3
vocabulary 4
Our culture and history lesson are on page 78: "Cicero, Caesar and the Collapse of the Republic." The Republic came before the Empire, that is, the Emperors who controlled Rome to its end. Read the short discussion of this and watch the BBC video below.
Now you're ready for the culture questions, try this exercise:
culture/history
All societies deal with crime, temptations or desperation become too great to resist and the reward exceeds the risk, so actions happen that destroy the social fabric of trust. Our story on page 71 deals with this reality in Rome.
Translate into your notebooks numbering each sentence for reference. The story continues onto page 72 about Eucleides.
culture/history
All societies deal with crime, temptations or desperation become too great to resist and the reward exceeds the risk, so actions happen that destroy the social fabric of trust. Our story on page 71 deals with this reality in Rome.
Translate into your notebooks numbering each sentence for reference. The story continues onto page 72 about Eucleides.
chapter 35 quizzes
Click on the link when told by your teacher:
chapter 35 vocabulary
English to Latin vocabulary quiz
adverb quiz
chapter 35 vocabulary
English to Latin vocabulary quiz
adverb quiz